Planktonic cell yield is linked to biofilm development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on the ability of surface-associated microbes to produce and release single planktonic cells to the bulk liquid as early as 6 h after attachment, with pure culture and mixed-species biofilms yielding up to approximately 1 x 10(6) cells/cm(2) of attachment area per hour to the effluent after 24 h. Planktonic cell production typically increased as the biofilm developed and levelled off after the biofilm reached steady-state dimensions. Microscopic observations of continuous-flow cultured biofilms revealed independent cell movement within the biofilm microenvironment compared with flow-dependent movement of mostly single cells in the bulk-liquid phase. These results indicate that the prevailing concept of detachment occurring only after the biofilm has matured is incomplete. Instead, we show that biofilms yield cells to the environment soon after initial surface contact; the extent of this yield is dependent on biofilm development, which in turn is influenced by environmental parameters such as bulk-liquid flow rates and nutrient availability. The observation that biofilms yield significant numbers of cells throughout development should lead to a greater understanding of pathogen dissemination, biofouling of products or facilities, and the role that biofilms play in microbial proliferation in the environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".