Inhibition of efflorescence in mixed organic–inorganic particles at temperatures less than 250 K
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is now well recognized that mixed organic-inorganic particles are abundant in the atmosphere. While there have been numerous studies of efflorescence of mixed organic-inorganic particles close to 293 K, there are only a few at temperatures less than 273 K. Understanding the efflorescence properties of these particles at temperatures less than 273 K could be especially important for predicting ice nucleation in the upper troposphere. We studied the efflorescence properties of mixed citric acid-ammonium sulfate particles as a function of temperature to better understand the efflorescence properties of mixed organic-inorganic particles in the middle and upper troposphere. Our data for 293 K illustrate that the addition of citric acid decreases the ERH of ammonium sulfate, which is consistent with the trends observed with other systems containing highly oxygenated organic compounds. At low temperatures the trend is qualitatively the same, but efflorescence can be inhibited by smaller concentrations of citric acid. For example at temperatures <250 K an organic mass/(organic mass + sulfate mass) of only 0.33 is needed to inhibit efflorescence of ammonium sulfate. In the upper troposphere the organic mass/(organic mass + sulfate mass) can often be larger than this value. As a result, particles in the upper troposphere may be more likely to remain in the liquid state than previously thought and solid ammonium sulfate may be less likely to participate in heterogeneous ice nucleation in the upper troposphere. Additional studies are required on other model organic systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".