Planck intermediate results XXXII. The relative orientation between the magnetic field and structures traced by interstellar dust
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The role of the magnetic field in the formation of the filamentary structures\nobserved in the interstellar medium (ISM) is a debated topic. The Planck\nall-sky maps of linearly polarized emission from dust at 353GHz provide the\nrequired combination of imaging and statistics to study the correlation between\nthe structures of the Galactic magnetic field and of interstellar matter, both\nin the diffuse ISM and in molecular clouds. The data reveal structures, or\nridges, in the intensity map with counterparts in the Stokes Q and/or U maps.\nWe focus on structures at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes with column\ndensity from $10^{20}$ to $10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$. We measure the magnetic field\norientation on the plane of the sky from the polarization data, and present an\nalgorithm to estimate the orientation of the ridges from the dust intensity\nmap. We use analytical models to account for projection effects. Comparing\npolarization angles on and off the structures, we estimate the mean ratio\nbetween the strengths of the turbulent and mean components of the magnetic\nfield to be between 0.6 and 1.0, with a preferred value of 0.8. We find that\nthe ridges are preferentially aligned with the magnetic field measured on the\nstructures. This trend becomes more striking for increasing polarization\nfraction and decreasing column density. We interpret the increase of alignment\nwith polarization fraction as a consequence of projections effects. The\ndecrease of alignment for high column density is not due to a loss of\ncorrelation between the structures and the geometry of the magnetic field. In\nmolecular complexes, we observe structures perpendicular to the magnetic field,\nwhich cannot be accounted for by projection effects. We discuss our results in\nthe context of models and MHD simulations, which describe the formation of\nstructures in the magnetized ISM.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it