Preparation of PVDF UF Membranes under an External Electric Field with PVP as Additive
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, PVDF UF membranes were prepared with PVP as additive via a favorable method of applying high voltage external electric field (2kV) through the immersion precipitation phase inversion process. The influence of external electric field on the structure, surface functional groups, membrane potential, and surface hydrophilicity of the membranes were researched. In addition, anti-fouling property and separation performance of the membranes were also investigated. The results indicated that the protein adsorption amount on the electric treated membranes was distinctly reduced. Especially for the electric treated PVDF membrane with PVP K70 as additive, the value of water contact angle reached 75.4° and the protein adsorption amount decreased 76 %, reaching 20.39 µg·cm-2. The separation performance of the electric treated membrane was also superior to that of the un-treated membrane. All the experimental results indicated that this electric treated approach open a promising way for the modification of PVDF membrane because it combined membrane preparation and modification in only one physical step without additional chemical reagents.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it