Outer and Middle Ear Status and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Children With Sickle Cell Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and outer/middle ear status in 12 African American children with normal hearing and homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD) and age-, gender-, and ear-matched African American controls. C. R. Downs, A. Stuart, & D. Holbert (2000) reported that DPOAE amplitudes were significantly larger for children with SCD. Because the integrity of the middle ear system directly influences OAE characteristics, it was felt that concurrent investigation of DPOAE amplitudes and outer/middle ear function in children with SCD was warranted. DPOAEs were evoked by 13 primary-tone pairs with f2 frequencies ranging from 1000 to 4500 Hz. Outer/middle ear status was assessed with tympanometry through indices of peak compensated static acoustic admittance, tympanometric width, tympanometric peak pressure, ear canal volume, and middle ear resonance frequency. Tympanograms were recorded with probe-tone frequencies of 226 and 678 Hz. DPOAE amplitudes were significantly larger for children with SCD (p < .05). There were no group differences in any of the middle ear indices (p > .05). These findings suggest that increased DPOAE amplitudes for children with SCD cannot be attributed to differences in outer/middle ear function as assessed with tympanometry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".