Intraspecies and interspecies hybrids in <i>Haliotis</i>: natural and experimental evidence and its impact on abalone aquaculture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Abalone is a highly valued seafood in many parts of the world. Depending on size and species, it can fetch between US$15 and US$30 per kg in some markets. Because of its high value, abalone is cultured in several countries, including China, Australia, Japan, Chile, South Africa, Canada, Mexico, the USA and many other Asian countries, such as Thailand, the Philippines and Korea. Hybridization is widely used to improve specific traits in animal and agricultural stocks by using a new genetic conformation in the offspring. In general, hybridization offers several benefits in aquaculture conditions, such as improvements in growth rate, survival, food conversion and stress resistance (to temperature and disease). Under commercial conditions, hybrids make it possible to diversify the industry and to offer new products and gain new markets. This review examines evidence of wild and experimental hybridization among abalone species from several biogeographical areas worldwide, and provides information on the phenotype characteristics of artificially produced hybrid abalone. Genetic and phenotypic approaches were analysed to determine whether there is a relationship between the genetic variability and positive heterosis in hybrid crosses. In this review, we also reported embryonic and larval development of hybrid and genetic studies derived from gene expression analysis of thermal tolerance. Furthermore, alloenzyme, cytogenetic and molecular DNA markers were reviewed to certify the hybrid status in Haliotis. This review will also discuss the impact of intra and interspecies hybrids on abalone aquaculture worldwide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".