A Continent‐Wide Clone: Population Genetic Variation of the Invasive Plant<i>Hieracium aurantiacum</i>(Orange Hawkweed; Asteraceae) in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the population genetic structure of the invasive plant Hieracium aurantiacum (Asteraceae), a facultative apomict. We generated amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprints for H. aurantiacum samples from across its invasive range in North America ($$N=226$$) and from six other North American native and invasive Hieracium species ($$N=60$$). Almost no genetic variability was found in the North American H. aurantiacum across locations from Alaska and Oregon to Pennsylvania and Ontario ($$\mathrm{clonal}\,\,\mathrm{diversity}\,=0.035$$). In contrast, other Hieracium species showed a range of clonal diversities ($$\mathrm{range}\,=0.154{\mbox{--}} 1.0$$). The single H. aurantiacum genotype that dominated the North American invaded range was identical to a sample from the native range (Czech Republic), where low genetic diversity has also been reported. However, we did find evidence of hybridization between H. aurantiacum and at least one other nonnative Hieracium species in North America, indicating that the generation of novel hybrid genetic combinations may be an important factor in this invasive group of Hieracium taxa. Our findings suggest that sexual recombination and genetic diversity are not essential for successful plant invasion and that phenotypic plasticity alone may provide the flexibility necessary for the establishment of H. aurantiacum in diverse habitats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".