Homosexuality, seropositivity, and family obligations: Perspectives of HIV‐infected men who have sex with men in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The HIV epidemic has had major impact on men who have sex with men in China. Most current studies view male‐to‐male sex as a behavioural dimension or variable affecting HIV infection, paying little attention to the socio‐cultural meanings of homosexuality and their impacts on men's experiences with HIV/AIDS. This oversight has impeded understanding of the health practices of this population. Based on a qualitative study of experiences of Chinese people living with HIV/AIDS, this paper explores the complex processes in which men who have sex with men struggle and negotiate with their sexuality, family obligations, and this disease. To facilitate Chinese men who have sex with men in responding effectively to HIV and AIDS, researchers and practitioners should take into account a wide range of contextual factors including desired gender roles, family obligations, homophobia, and HIV‐related stigma that contribute to current constructions of ‘homosexuality’ in China. Résumé En Chine, l'épidémie de sida a eu un impact majeur sur les hommes qui ont des rapports sexuels avec des hommes. Actuellement, la plupart des recherches envisagent les rapports sexuels entre hommes comme une dimension ou une variable comportementale qui a des conséquences sur l'épidémie, en prêtant peu d'attention aux significations socio‐culturelles de l'homosexualité et à leur impact sur les expériences des hommes vivant avec le VIH/sida. Cette négligence entrave la compréhension des pratiques de santé dans cette population et l'élaboration d'interventions qui lui soient plus spécifiques. En se basant sur une étude qualitative des expériences des Chinois vivant avec le VIH/sida, cet article explore les processus complexes selon lesquels les hommes qui ont des rapports avec des hommes luttent et négocient avec leur sexualité, leurs obligations familiales et cette maladie. Pour aider les hommes qui ont des rapports avec des hommes à apporter des réponses efficaces au VIH/sida, les chercheurs et les praticiens devraient prendre en considération un large éventail de facteurs contextuels comprenant les rôles de genre désirés, les obligations familiales, l'homophobie et le stigma dÛ au VIH, qui contribuent aux constructions actuelles de «l'homosexualité» en Chine. Resumen La epidemia del sida ha tenido un fuerte impacto en los hombres que tienen relaciones homosexuales en China. En la mayoría de estudios actuales se consideran las relaciones homosexuales como una dimensión de conducta o variable que afecta a la infección del VIH. Se presta poca atención a los significados socioculturales de la homosexualidad y al impacto que tiene en las experiencias de los hombres afectados con el VIH/sida. Esta negligencia ha impedido conocer las practicas sanitarias en esta población y la posibilidad de desarrollar intervenciones más sensibles. A partir de un estudio cualitativo sobre las experiencias de chinos afectados con el VIH/sida, en este artículo se exploran los complejos procesos en que los hombres con relaciones heterosexuales negocian y luchan por su sexualidad, las obligaciones familiares y la enfermedad. Para ofrecer una respuesta eficaz al VIH y el sida a esta población con relaciones homosexuales, los investigadores y profesionales de la salud deberían tener en cuenta toda una serie de factores contextuales, por ejemplo los roles sexuales deseados, las obligaciones familiares, la homofobia y el estigma relacionado con el VIH que contribuyen a crear el concepto actual de la ‘homosexualidad’ en China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".