Water quality and disinfection impact of ClO<sub>2</sub> contamination by free chlorine: A case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A bench-scale study was conducted using water from a drinking water treatment facility on Lake Ontario to investigate water quality and disinfection impacts of chlorine contamination in a chlorine dioxide solution applied for primary disinfection. Levels of chlorine contamination were varied between 0% (pure chlorine dioxide) and 20%, with a chlorine dioxide dose of 1 mg/L. The chlorine did not significantly affect the rate of chlorine dioxide decay in the water. The chlorine reduced chlorite formation, but led to a corresponding increase in chlorate formation. Trihalomethane and haloacetic acid concentrations varied with the amount of free chlorine present in the chlorine dioxide solution. Levels of Bacillus subtilis endospore inactivation were similar for solutions containing pure chlorine dioxide and a 20%:80% chlorine:chlorine dioxide mass ratio (for the same total chlorine concentration). Since chlorine alone has been reported to be very ineffective against these endospores, the results suggest that the disinfection effectiveness of the mixture was greater than the effectiveness predicted from each of the two disinfectants acting alone. Key words: chlorine dioxide, chlorine, disinfection, by-products, inactivation, drinking water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".