Medical and employment-related costs of epilepsy in the USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evaluation of: Ivanova JI, Birnbaum HG, Kidolezi Y et al. Economic burden of epilepsy among the privately insured in the US. Pharmacoeconomics 28(8), 675-685 (2010). Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy is typically treated with antiepileptic drugs, although surgery is superior to medical therapy for those who are resistant to medications, and is more more cost effective when successful. The discussion article examines the direct medical costs of epilepsy and the rate of medically related absenteeism compared with a matched control group in the USA. Individuals with epilepsy were found to have significantly higher medical costs and more short- and long-term disability days. This article demonstrates that claims data can be used to assess the indirect impact of epilepsy on employment; however, the addition of other datasets is necessary to more comprehensively assess the impact of epilepsy on employment-related outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".