Biodegradation characteristics of bitumen from the Upper Devonian Grosmont reservoir, Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research Article| June 01, 2011 Biodegradation characteristics of bitumen from the Upper Devonian Grosmont reservoir, Alberta, Canada Yi Zhao; Yi Zhao Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Hans G. Machel Hans G. Machel Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Yi Zhao Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Hans G. Machel Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 1-26 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Publisher: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Received: 30 Oct 2010 Accepted: 10 Jun 2011 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online Issn: 2368-0261 Print Issn: 0007-4802 © the Society of Canadian Petroleum Geologists Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology (2011) 59 (2): 112–130. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.59.2.112 Article history Received: 30 Oct 2010 Accepted: 10 Jun 2011 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Yi Zhao, Hans G. Machel; Biodegradation characteristics of bitumen from the Upper Devonian Grosmont reservoir, Alberta, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 2011;; 59 (2): 112–130. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.59.2.112 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyBulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract The Upper Devonian Nisku Formation, Upper Ireton, and Grosmont Formation (collectively referred as the "Grosmont reservoir") form a giant bitumen/heavy oil reservoir in Alberta, Canada with about 406 billion barrels of original oil in place. Because of the low quality of the hydrocarbons and the complex geology, the Grosmont reservoir was not deemed commercially viable until relatively recently. The Grosmont is now under consideration for commercial development by several companies and consortia due to technological advances and higher oil prices.One part of the work leading up to new pilot sites is the characterization of the degree of biodegradation in the Grosmont reservoir, which could be used as a proxy of the petrophysical properties of bitumen, specifically viscosity. In order to characterize the biodegradation in the Grosmont reservoir, a total of 18 samples selected from the Nisku, Upper Ireton, and Grosmont along a strike cross-section were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomarker analysis indicates the Grosmont reservoir was subjected to extreme stages of biodegradation, demonstrated by the loss of regular steranes, strongly biodegraded hopanes, and reduced abundances of tricyclics and diasteranes. The rare geological marker compound 28, 30-bisnorhopane is also highly biodegraded but does exist in some Grosmont bitumen samples examined, supporting the notion that bitumens in the Devonian carbonates and the Cretaceous oil sands have a common origin.Based on the distribution characteristics of hopanes and tricyclics, several biodegradation parameters are identified and the samples are categorized into three distinct biodegradation stages. The data shows that the stage of biodegradation is likely most severe around stratigraphic boundaries and generally increases from southeast to northwest.Several recognized biodegradation parameters, such as 17α(H)-hopane/17α(H)-norhopane, are correlatable with the bitumen viscosity. Such parameters can be used as proxies for in situ viscosity, which is highly useful in aged samples (older than a few years) that have lost volatiles while in storage and thus no longer have the same viscosity as when retrieved from the reservoir. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".