Degradation of Exposed LLDPE and HDPE Geomembranes: A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The service life of geomembranes varies significantly based on their exposure conditions. For instance, the service life of polymeric geomembranes exposed to atmospheric conditions with solar radiation, high temperatures, and oxygen is anticipated to be shorter than that of buried geomembranes. Both linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembranes and high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes are used for exposed applications (e.g., landfill covers, pond and canal liners, etc.). LLDPE geomembranes are very flexible, with a higher tensile break elongation than HDPE geomembranes and, therefore, greater ability to maintain their integrity under localized differential settlement without puncturing, tearing, or cracking. On the other hand, HDPE geomembranes have excellent ultraviolet (UV) and chemical resistance; however, they have low puncture resistance and low multi-axial extensibility compared to LLDPE geomembranes. This paper compares the relative performance of exposed LLDPE and HDPE geomembranes based on laboratory test results and field performance data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".