Intrauterine programming of urinary calcium and magnesium excretion in children born to mothers with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Offspring of diabetic rats have reduced urinary calcium and magnesium excretion compared with offspring of controls; these differences persist up to 16 weeks after birth, a time equivalent to young adulthood in humans. OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that urinary calcium and magnesium excretion would be lower in children born to mothers with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (ChMIDDM) than those born to non-diabetic mothers. METHODS: Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and creatinine were measured in first void spot urine samples collected from 45 (28 male; median age 9.6 years) ChMIDDM and 127 (58 male; median age 11.3 years) controls. Analysis of covariance was used to test for differences in urinary calcium to creatinine ratios (UCa/Cr), magnesium to creatinine ratios (UMg/Cr), and log sodium to creatinine ratios (logUNa/Cr) between controls and ChMIDDM after allowing for the effects of sex and age. RESULTS: UCa/Cr (difference -0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.19 to -0.01; p = 0.03) and UMg/Cr (difference -0.15, 95% CI -0.22 to -0.08; p<0.0001) were lower in ChMIDDM than controls. However, logUNa/Cr did not differ between ChMIDDM and controls (difference -0.14, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.05; p = 0.1). The daily estimated intake of magnesium, sodium, and protein were significantly higher and that of calcium non-significantly higher in ChMIDDM than controls. In ChMIDDM, UCa/Cr and UMg/Cr were not related to diabetic control of mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study provide the first evidence that in humans, as in rats, there is modification of renal Ca and Mg handling in ChMIDDM, which persists well into childhood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".