Analytical method development of long-chain ketones in PM<sub>2.5</sub>aerosols using accelerated solvent extraction and Gc/FID/MSD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An analytical method has been developed to determine long-chain n-alkan-2-ones (C10–C33) in atmospheric particulate matter. This involves (1) solvent extraction with a Dionex Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE 200), followed by nitrogen blowdown; (2) a clean-up procedure using silica-gel chromatography to separate fractions of different polarities; and (3) gas chromatography with mass-selective detector (GC/MSD) identification and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) quantitation. The recovery rates in the extraction/blowdown steps were quantified at different extraction and blowdown temperatures. The maximum recoveries for the selected ketones, obtained at 40°C for both extraction and blowdown, are 70–100% for the extraction step and 92–101% for the combined steps of blowdown and silica gel separation depending on the chain length of the ketones. The overall analytical instrumental detection limits for the ketones are <0.24 ng/µL in the GC/FID.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".