Cigarette Smoke Induces Persisting Increases of Vasoactive Mediators in Pulmonary Arteries
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary hypertension is not understood. We previously reported that a single smoke exposure acutely but transiently upregulated gene expression of the vasoconstrictor/vasoproliferative agents endothelin (ET) and vascular endothelial growth factor in pulmonary arteries from rat lungs. To determine whether similar changes occurred with chronic smoke exposure, we exposed Hartley guinea pigs, an outbred strain that develops pulmonary hypertension, to smoke for 2, 4, or 12 wk. Small intrapulmonary artery branches were isolated using laser capture microdissection, and gene expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In smoke-exposed animals, there were significantly elevated but variable increases in gene expression, with some animals demonstrating 30- to 50-fold increases. Increases in ET and vascular endothelial growth factor expression occurred early and persisted through the exposure period, whereas increases in expression of the vasodilator, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, developed more slowly. Protein levels of these mediators were also elevated by immunohistochemical staining and correlated with increases in gene expression levels. We conclude that, in some animals, cigarette smoke induces persisting and marked vascular production of mediators that control vascular muscularization and contraction/dilation. These changes may be important in the development of smoke-induced pulmonary hypertension.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it