Bi-cellular Foam Structure of Polystyrene from Extrusion Foaming Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article investigates the foaming process of bi-cellular polystyrene foams blown with n-butane and water in extrusion. The bi-cellular foam structure has two types of cells: large cells ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 mm and small cells ranging in size from about 5% to about 50% of the average large cell size, which constitute more than 90% of the total cell volume. A bi-cellular structure has outstanding heat insulation property. In order to generate a bi-cellular structure, a water-blowing technology was used. This technique is environmentally benign and economical since butane and water are used as blowing agents. Despite these advantages, the foaming process and mechanism of bi-cellular foams have not been identified in detail. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to enhance our knowledge and understanding of the foaming behavior of bi-cellular polystyrene foam. The effects of n-butane, water, and silica (a nucleating agent) on the foam cell morphology are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".