Defluoridation of Groundwater Using Raw Bauxite: Rural Domestic Defluoridation Technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a rural domestic defluoridation technology for the removal of fluoride from groundwater using locally available raw bauxite. Drinking groundwater sample of high fluoride concentration (6.17 mg/L) was collected from a borehole in Machinga district of Southern Malawi where dental fluorosis is prevalent due to the high fluoride. Defluoridation of the water sample was done in a model domestic defluoridation unit in batch mode to optimize raw bauxite dosage and contact time. Sand and charcoal were used for water clarification. Optimum bauxite dosage and optimum contact time were determined as 0.150 kg/L and 15.0 min respectively. An optimum combined dosage of sand and charcoal for water clarification was found to be 0.720 kg/L. The specific safe water yield for this system was found to be 36.0 L/kg adsorbent. An empirical model of the form where Y is the specific safe water yield, x is the height/cross sectional area ratio of a defluoridator is developed to show the significance of defluoridator design in defluoridation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".