The link between submillimetre galaxies and luminous ellipticals: near-infrared IFU spectroscopy of submillimetre galaxies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present two-dimensional spectroscopy covering the rest-frame wavelengths of strong optical emission lines in six luminous submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) at z= 1.3–2.5. Using this near-infrared integral field spectroscopy together with Hubble Space Telescope ACS and NICMOS imaging, we map the dynamics and morphologies of these systems on scales from 4–11 kpc. Four of the systems show multiple components in their spatially resolved spectra with average velocity offsets of ∼180 km s−1 across 8 kpc in projection. From the ensemble properties of eight galaxies, from our survey and the literature, we estimate the typical dynamical masses of bright SMGs as 5 ± 3 × 1011 M⊙. This is similar to recent estimates of their stellar masses – suggesting that the dynamics of the central regions of these galaxies are baryon dominated, with a substantial fraction of those baryons in stars by the epoch of observation. Combining our dynamical mass estimates with stellar luminosities for this population, we investigate whether SMGs can evolve on to the Faber–Jackson (FJ) relation for local ellipticals. Adopting a typical lifetime of τburst∼ 300 Myr for the submillimetre-luminous phase – using the latest estimates of gas masses, star formation rates and active galactic nucleus contribution to the bolometric luminosities – we find that the stellar populations of SMGs should fade to place them on the FJ relation, at MK∼−25.1. Furthermore, using the same starburst lifetime we correct the observed space density of SMGs for the duty cycle to derive a volume density of the progenitors of ∼1 × 10−4 Mpc−3. This is consistent with the space density of local luminous early-type galaxies with MK∼−25.1, indicating that SMGs can evolve on to the scaling relations observed for local early-type galaxies, and the observed population at z∼ 2 is then sufficient to account for the formation of the whole population of ≳3 L*K ellipticals seen at z∼ 0.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".