Is oxidative stress the mechanism of blue sac disease in retene-exposed trout larvae?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retene (7-isopropyl-1-methylphenanthrene) causes blue sac disease (BSD) in early life stages of fish, an effect similar to that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin. The signs of BSD include cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) induction, edema, hemorrhaging, and craniofacial deformities, indicating membrane damage, circulatory failure, and impaired development. To test if the underlying cause was oxidative stress, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae were exposed to waterborne retene or to known prooxidants (paraquat, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and carbon tetrachloride) in the presence or absence of vitamin E, an antioxidant. Fish exposed to retene showed an increased prevalence of BSD, reduced tissue concentrations of vitamin E and total glutathione, and a lower percentage of glutathione in a reduced form. Coexposure to vitamin E reduced the prevalence of BSD and restored tissue concentrations of vitamin E, but it did not affect retene uptake or tissue concentrations of glutathione. These responses are consistent with oxidative stress as a mode of action of retene. However, retene did not affect whole-body lipid peroxide concentrations, and prooxidants did not affect the prevalence of BSD and had only minimal effects on tissue glutathione and vitamin E. Possible explanations for these conflicting results include prooxidant exposures were insufficient to generate oxidative stress; lipid peroxidation may not be measurable in whole-body homogenates of retene-exposed fish if effects are localized to endothelial cells, where CYP1A enzymes are most induced; or retene may have an alternate mode of action (e.g., adduction of retene metabolites to lipids, protein, or DNA).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".