Habitat use and foraging behavior of male Black-and-white Warblers (Mniotilta varia) in forest fragments and in a contiguous boreal forest
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined habitat use and foraging behavior of male Black-and-white Warblers (Mniotilta varia) in fragments (2-140 ha) of mature forest dominated by trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and a similar contiguous forest (> 1000 ha) in central Alberta, Canada. Vegetation structure and composition differed significantly between occupied and unoccupied fragments, and between plots within and outside territories in occupied fragments. Territories in fragments were characterized by a high abundance of willow (Salix spp.), which was the primary foraging site for males in this habitat. Territories in contiguous forest differed significantly in vegetation structure from territories in fragments, and were characterized by a high abundance of trembling aspen trees, which served as the primary forest foraging site. The use of foraging substrates and foraging methods did not differ between individuals in fragments versus contiguous forest. In the boreal mixedwood ecoregion, the Black-and-white Warbler appears flexible in its habitat use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".