Green Preparation of TiO<sub>2</sub>-ZnO Nanocomposite Photoanodes by Aqueous Electrophoretic Deposition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous-based electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of titania nanoparticles (Evonic's P25) was successfully applied to the fabrication of mesoporous electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Poor film adhesion and cracking arising from the electrolysis of water and interstitial water evaporation during drying were largely overcome via the selection of low EPD operating current density/DC voltage (0.1 mA cm −2 /2.5-3.1 V) but more importantly the addition of zinc nitrate in a 5 vol.% isopropanol-water suspension. As a result, a composite nanostructured TiO 2 -ZnO film was fabricated. Photoelectrochemical characterization indicates that in-situ formation of ZnO causes suppression of charge recombination at the electrode/electrolyte interface thus prolonging photoelectron lifetime. A 5.01% conversion efficiency was obtained under 1 sun illumination (100 mW·cm −2 ) of a 13 μm thick single transparent film. The efficiency was further improved to 6.19% upon further optimization via multi-layer construction of the transparent anatase film (18 μm thick) by repeated cycles of EPD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".