Effects of low temperature on the mechanical properties of glass fibre–epoxy composites: static tension, compression, <i>R</i> = 0.1 and <i>R</i> =− 1 fatigue of ±45° laminates
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Effects of cold climate exposure on structures made of composite materials are scarcely documented. As a result, even if exceptional wind conditions prevail in some cold regions, uncertainties related to composite materials durability at low temperatures may hinder development of wind energy projects in those regions. Therefore, as part of the Wind Energy Strategic Network (WESNet) of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, efforts were made to evaluate the effects of cold climate exposure on the mechanical properties of glass–epoxy composites. Tensile and compressive quasi‐static tests as well as tensile ( R = 0.1) and fully reversed ( R =− 1) fatigue tests were performed on vacuum‐infused [±45] 2 s glass–epoxy composites at −40°C and 23°C. Results for quasi‐static tests show an increase of tensile, compressive and shear strengths and moduli at low temperatures. It is also demonstrated that for the stress range under scrutiny, fatigue performance is improved at −40°C for both the R = 0.1 and R =− 1 loading cases. Moreover, the failure mode for R =− 1 fatigue changed from compressive failure due to buckling of delaminated plies to tensile failure, suggesting a more efficient use of the material. However, if R =− 1 fatigue results at low temperature are extrapolated towards the very low stresses that are also part of wind turbine blades fatigue load spectrum, fatigue life may be degraded compared with that at ambient temperature. Finally, evidence of visco‐elastic behaviour leading to changes in s − N curve slope parameter are reported. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it