Spatiotemporal associations between Pacific herring spawn and surf scoter spring migration: evaluating a ‘silver wave’ hypothesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 457:139-150 (2012) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09692 Spatiotemporal associations between Pacific herring spawn and surf scoter spring migration: evaluating a ‘silver wave’ hypothesis Erika K. Lok1,6,*, Daniel Esler1, John Y. Takekawa2, Susan W. De La Cruz2, W. Sean Boyd3, David R. Nysewander4, Joseph R. Evenson4, David H. Ward5 1Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, British Columbia V4K 3N2, Canada 2U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar Drive, Vallejo, California 94592, USA 3Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, British Columbia V4K 3N2, Canada 4Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia, Washington 98501, USA 5U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA 6Present address: Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, British Columbia V4K 3N2, Canada *Email: eklok@alumni.sfu.ca ABSTRACT: Surf scoters Melanitta perspicillata are sea ducks that aggregate at spawning events of Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and forage on the eggs, which are deposited in abundance during spring at discrete sites. We evaluated whether migrating scoters followed a ‘silver wave’ of resource availability, analogous to the ‘green wave’ of high-quality foraging conditions that herbivorous waterfowl follow during spring migration. We confirmed that herring spawning activity began later in the year at higher latitudes, creating a northward-progressing wave of short-term localized food availability. Using satellite telemetry and aerial surveys, we documented the chronology of scoter spring migration and the use of stopover locations in relation to herring spawn timing and locations. We found that the migration chronology paralleled the northward progression of herring spawning events. Although there was considerable variability in the timing of both scoter migration and the initiation of herring spawning, the processes were related beyond a coincidental northward progression. During migration, 60% of the tracked scoters visited at least 1 spawn site, and those that used spawn sites were located on spawn sites for approximately one-third of their migration locations. Surf scoters showed close spatiotemporal associations with herring spawning events, confirming that the presence of herring spawn was a factor determining habitat use for many individuals. Surf scoters showed close spatiotemporal associations with herring spawning events, confirming that the presence of herring spawn was a factor determining habitat use for many individuals, a conclusion that is consistent with previous studies which used physiologically based metrics to evaluate the importance of herring spawn. KEY WORDS: Habitat use · Herring spawn · Melanitta perspicillata · Migration · Satellite telemetry · Surf scoter Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Lok EK, Esler D, Takekawa JY, De La Cruz SW and others (2012) Spatiotemporal associations between Pacific herring spawn and surf scoter spring migration: evaluating a ‘silver wave’ hypothesis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 457:139-150. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09692 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 457. Online publication date: June 21, 2012 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2012 Inter-Research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".