Potential threat of the international aquarium fish trade to silver arawana <i>Osteoglossum bicirrhosum</i> in the Peruvian Amazon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Silver arawana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum are increasingly popular on the international aquarium fish market, but the routine killing of mouth brooding adults to collect juveniles for the trade may threaten wild populations. We describe the aquarium trade and fishery for silver arawana in the Peruvian Amazon. This is the first such report on the species for South America, and is based on field interviews with trade participants and fishermen, and on a review of government statistics. The regional trade is large, expanding and valuable (over 1 million juveniles worth USD 560,000 exported in 2001), of considerable economic importance to the rural poor, and in urgent need of research, monitoring and management. Outright bans on arawana fishing are likely to be ineffective and to destabilize an export fishery that provides significant part-time employment for the rural poor and substantial foreign earnings. Experimental studies are called for that compare the impacts on arawana yields of alternate fishing techniques, such as catch and release of brooding males, as a basis for developing more effective management schemes in Amazonia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".