Recovery in a multiple stressor environment: using the reference condition approach to examine zooplankton community change along opposing gradients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lakes around the metal smelters of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada offer a unique opportunity to study recovery processes in stressed aquatic ecosystems. Following major reductions in the atmospheric deposition of sulphur and metal particulates, chemical and biological recovery have been observed in many lakes; however, the magnitudes and trajectories of biological recovery are variable. Crustacean zooplankton communities have proven to be particularly valuable in tracking the biological recovery patterns in Sudbury lakes. In a survey of 87 lakes, zooplankton community structure revealed strong gradients related to acidification, metal contamination, trophic status and depth. The study lakes could be divided into four groups related to these gradients: acidified, recovered, urban and reference lakes. Community composition in recovered (to pH >6.0) lakes did not differ from reference lakes for copepods and cladocerans. In contrast, urban lakes subjected to the effects of watershed development as well as atmospheric metal contamination had either copepod or cladoceran communities that differed from reference conditions. Among the acidified lakes, most lakes with pH <5.5 contained species poor copepod communities; however, substantial community recovery was evident in lakes with pH >5.5. Our study illustrates the complexity of biological recovery processes in lakes subjected to multiple environmental stressors. Although substantial zooplankton community recovery clearly occurs as lakes recover from acidification, other stressors including metal contamination and eutrophication in urban environments may greatly affect recovery processes and outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".