Camera‐based high frequency heterodyne lock‐in carrierographic (frequency‐domain photoluminescence) imaging of crystalline silicon wafers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A heterodyne lock‐in imaging scheme is introduced to overcome NIR camera speed limitations and poor signal‐to‐noise ratios, thereby generating high‐frequency carrierographic imaging up to 10 kHz. A theoretical model was established to investigate the heterodyne signal generation mechanism as well as to extract the major carrier transport parameters by best‐fitting the entire modulation frequency dependence. Good agreement was found between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured heterodyne amplitude dependence on excitation intensity. A contrast inversion feature in the high‐frequency heterodyne amplitude images was observed. High‐frequency information presents a method for resolving local near‐surface carrier transport parameters from the lumped effective lifetime, thereby providing ac‐diffusion‐length‐controlled depth‐selective/resolved imaging. Heterodyne lock‐in carrierography (LIC) amplitude images of a crystalline silicon wafer at different frequencies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".