STAAARTE‐MED 1998 summer airborne measurements over the Aegean Sea 1. Aerosol particles and trace gases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We performed airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and aerosol chemical/microphysical properties over the Aegean Sea. The data were collected on board the Met Office C‐130 research aircraft in August 1998. High SO2 mixing ratios up to 18 ppb and aerosol sulfate levels up to 500 ppt were measured near Thessaloniki in northern Greece. The highest concentrations were observed at altitudes between 1 and 2 km, while near the surface much lower SO2 mixing ratios between 1 and 4 ppb were found. The pollution was transported southward over the Aegean Sea as far south as Crete, where SO2 mixing ratios up to 5 ppb were observed. The combined results of the SO2, aerosol sulfate, and particle size distribution measurements indicate air masses containing emissions with different ages, which range from a few hours to several days. Fossil fuel pollution observed over northern Greece is transported from eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey). Additionally, our measurements indicate significant contributions from forest fires, in particular from haze layers that originated ten days earlier from fires over the Northwestern Canadian territories, and had crossed the Atlantic and passed over Europe. CO layers 1 to 2 km deep were observed above 1 km. Often a double‐layer structure with a secondary CO layer above 3.5 km was also observed. We estimate that the contribution of biomass burning to the CO measured over Greece is fourfold that of fossil fuel. The lower layer had a significant number of particles in the accumulation mode (Np, size range 0.1–1 μm, ratio Np/CO of the order of 2–6 cm−3 (STP) ppb−1), while the upper layers were particle‐depleted by convection and wet scavenging. The Aitken particle mode (size range 5–100 nm) was depleted both in the lower and in the upper layers. This suggests that the Aitken particles originally present in the lower layers had already grown to the accumulation mode size when detected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".