Placing the Poor: The Ecology of Poverty in Postwar Urban Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An emergent social science literature emphasizes the growth of pockets of poverty in Canadian cities, which, many argue, leave our most economically marginalized urbanites increasingly isolated. Exploring the ecology of poverty in 10 Canadian urban areas (Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa-Hull, Toronto, Hamilton, Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, and Vancouver) since 1961, the authors offer a more tempered view of recent changes to Canadian cities. While there has been some growth in localized poverty, the larger story is continuity over time and the residential integration of the poor. Canadian cities have long been places where a minority of the poor resides in neighbourhoods of concentrated poverty, but the large majority lives amongst neighbours of greater means. These realities, the authors argue, might fruitfully redirect approaches to urban poverty in Canada, especially by demonstrating the importance of poverty in integrated residential settings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.048 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".