Epidemiology and biological control of<i>Gibberella zeae</i>/<i>Fusarium graminearum</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A decade of losses and damage due to fusarium head blight in cereals in North America and other parts of the world has resulted in great efforts to understand the factors that cause and intensify the disease. This review considers our current understanding of the importance of the contribution of cultural practices to the increase or decrease of inoculum levels, spore dispersal, and biological control of spore production and fusarium head blight. Perithecia of Gibberella zeae develop on aboveground residues, and on maize and wheat kernels rather than maize stems and wheat spikes, at temperatures of 15 and 25 °C, but not below 15 °C or above 30 °C. Ascospores are released during the evening, in response to rising relative humidity, and there is evidence for both local and long-distance dispersal. The effect of rotation and tillage system on the development of inoculum and FHB requires further research, but several studies indicate that weather may be the principal factor in development of the disease. Several fungal and bacterial species have been reported to inhibit hyphal and perithecial formation of G. zeae. These are discussed with an appraisal of the conditions and requirements to produce an effective biological control of G. zeae.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".