Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Although the history, interview, and examination of the patient provide the foundation for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, nuclear neuroimaging investigations constitute promising tools to elucidate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Imaging studies of neuroreceptors constitute research tools to investigate the role of dysfunction of the acetylcholinergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, cannabinoid, opioid, and nicotinic systems in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia and related conditions. People with the phenotype of the clinical syndrome of schizophrenia likely represent multiple distinct genotypes with poorly characterized biological traits. Thus, the population of people manifesting the clinical syndrome of schizophrenia likely contains several heterogeneous biological subgroups yet to be specified. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that the positive symptoms result from an excess of intrasynaptic dopamine, an excitatory neurotransmitter, and the negative symptoms result from a deficit of intrasynaptic dopamine. Accordingly, a group of people with schizophrenia likely have reduced intrasynaptic dopamine in the tonic, resting, basal state, and increased intrasynaptic dopamine in the excited, aroused, phasic state. Additionally, the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that dysfunction of glutamate, another excitatory neurotransmitter, in the prefrontal region results in excessive concentrations of dopamine in the striata resulting in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Methodology/Principal Findings: Published research about the nuclear neuroimaging techniques to identify neurotrans- mitters in people with schizophrenia are reviewed. Conclusions/Significance: Future research including neuronuclear imaging and genetic evaluations is needed to characterize the biological subgroups of people with the clinical syndrome of schizophrenia. Neuronuclear imaging studies will likely refine the measurement of neurotransmitters in the presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic regions in people with schizophrenia and healthy people. Imaging studies of neuroreceptors during the administration of putative therapeutic agents for schizophrenia will help determine the optimal dose. In the future the research findings summarized in this article will likely be translated into clinical practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".