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Record W2124083132 · doi:10.1257/jep.15.1.81

A Symposium on the North American Economy

2001· article· en· W2124083132 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Journal of Economic Perspectives · 2001
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicEconomic Growth and Productivity
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPer capitaGross domestic productPurchasing powerReal gross domestic productEconomicsAgricultural economicsSubsistence agriculturePer capita incomeGeographyAgricultureEconomyPopulationEconomic growthDemographyMonetary economics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

T he North American economy in 1999 was made up of 395 million people, 193 million workers, and $10.3 trillion of annual GDP. According to the OECD, in the U.S. economy, 269 million people and 139 million workers produced $9190 billion in GDP in 1999. The 30 million people and the 16 million workers of Canada produced $624 billion in GDP. The 96 million people and 38 million workers of Mexico produced $475 billion in GDP. This continental economy is staggeringly unequal. Less than 4 percent of Canadian workers and less than 3 percent of U.S. workers are in primary sectors— agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. But one out of five of Mexico’s workers is in the primary sector. GDP per capita in the United States is some $33,900. GDP per capita in Canada at recent exchange rates is $20,400. GDP per capita in Mexico is $4900. Using purchasing power exchange rates to calculate per capita GDP rather than market exchange rates does close the gap a bit. It raises Canada’s per capita GDP to $25,900 per year and Mexico’s to $8100. Even so, the U.S. level is one-third higher than Canada and quadruple that of Mexico. Moreover, within Mexico, the contrasts between the richest portions of the industrial north and the poorest portions of the near-subsistence south are as great as the contrasts between Mexico and the United States. The economic differences between the three nations are, in many ways, greater than the differences in other measures of well-being. Female life expectancy at birth in Mexico at 77 years compares not unfavorably to the 79 years of the U.S. and the 81 years of Canada. Infant mortality in Mexico at 16 per thousand is worse than the eight per thousand of the United States or the six per thousand of Canada—but the gap is not as wide as one might expect based on the per capita GDP figures.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.418
Threshold uncertainty score0.978

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.024
GPT teacher head0.218
Teacher spread0.193 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it