The forcible discharge distance of ascospores of <i>Gibberella</i> zeae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ascospores of Gibberella zeae are transported through the atmosphere to the spikes of wheat and barley and the silks of corn ears, where they may cause fusarium head blight and gibberella ear rot on susceptible cultivars. The first process in ascospores becoming airborne is the liberation or forcible discharge from perithecia. We measured the distance that ascospores of G. zeae were forcibly discharged in still air, and related this distance to the conditions necessary for transport into the atmosphere. Ascospores were discharged inside small glass chambers to distances ranging from <1 mm to nearly 10 mm away from culture surfaces. On average, ascospores from 6-day-old perithecia were discharged 4.6 mm, and those from 12-day-old perithecia, 3.9 mm. A large percentage of spores were discharged distances sufficient to surpass the laminar boundary layer of air that exists in the field during daylight hours. Since it takes less than about 3 s for a discharged ascospore of G. zeae to settle to the ground in still air, it is unlikely that a significant fraction of discharged spores surpass the laminar boundary layer and become airborne in conditions typically encountered at night. Quantitative spore-dispersal models pinpointing the timing and magnitude of ascospore release could potentially be used to estimate the relative risk of infection from local and more distant sources of inoculum of G. zeae. Keywords: Fusarium graminearumspore dispersalaerobiologyfungal sporeslaminar boundary layer
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".