Bipolar charging in polydisperse polymer powders in industrial processes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review the previous published work and to describe some results showing bipolar charging using polymer powders in two common industrial processes: fluidized beds and pneumatic transport. A new measurement system is described for measuring the bipolar charge distribution. This consists of a vertical array of seven Faraday pail sensors, which can selectively detect different charge components based upon particle size (gravity segregation) and charge (space charge repulsion). For the experiments reported here the charge and mass values were measured for each sensor allowing the calculation of charge to mass ratio (Q/M). In addition, size distribution and surface analyses were carried out for representative samples of the powder components. Data are presented for several types of polymer powders (volume mean diameter <100 /spl mu/m), with and without extraparticulate additives. The results, in all but one of the cases reported, show that even though the net charge may be positive or negative the fine particles show a negative charge and the coarse particles positive. These results are compared under several possible hypotheses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".