Bibliographic record
Abstract
When employment increases, a corres-ponding rise in hours worked can usuallybe expected. And indeed, from 1976 to 2000, changes in employment were fairly accurately reflected in hours worked. However, since 2000, this relationship has greatly diminished (Chart A). From 2000 to 2004, employment rose 8.1%, compared with only 4.3 % for overall hours worked. Such a differen-tial is unprecedented. The robust employment growth was surprising. Lower growth in hours seemed more consistent with reduced economic growth in Canada and the stagnation of employment in the United States. This contrast led some economists to question Cana-da’s exceptional employment record in recent years (RBC 2004). If employment is growing more rapidly than hours, then average hours per worker are declining. Accord-ing to the Labour Force Survey (LFS), average weekly hours actually worked declined for three consecutive years—2001, 2002 and 2003—before rising slightly in 2004. The decline from
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.233 | 0.117 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".