Molecular Distillation of Palm Oil Distillates: Evaporation Rates, Relative Volatility, and Distribution Coefficients of Tocotrienols and other Minor Components
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of feed flow rate and temperature of distillation on extraction of minor components from PFAD were studied in terms of concentration, distribution coefficient and relative volatilities. The order of volatilities for tocotrienols, based on the distribution coefficients, was desmethyl tocotrienols (δ‐T3)>γ‐tocotrienols (γ‐T3)>α‐tocotrienols (α‐T3). The separation of tocotrienols from FFA approached maximum values only at low temperatures and fell drastically as the temperature increased. FFA and squalene evaporate at lower temperatures than tocotrienols, α‐tocopherol, and sterols. Based on these properties, it was possible to separate the tocotrienols, α‐tocopherol, and sterols from FFA by molecular distillation using low temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".