Diet mixing in an aquatic carnivore, the harbour seal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine the effects of diet mixing on digestive performance, harbour seals (Phoca vitulina L., 1758) were offered either pure diets of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847) or walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas, 1814)) or a 1:1 mix of herring and pollock. Regardless of diet, retention time decreased approximately 40% as intake quadrupled. The mean apparent digestible dry matter (ADDM) was greatest on mixed diets during low feeding frequency trials; ADDM during high feeding frequency trials was significantly reduced as intake increased for animals on the single-species (pollock or herring) diets. As intake increased, up to 45% more digestible energy was assimilated from the mixed diet than from either single-species diet. The findings of this study suggest that a mixed diet consisting of prey differing in lipid and protein amounts increased digestible energy intake in harbour seals. Our measures of intake and ADDM in harbour seals revealed digestive flexibility and indicated that digestion in harbour seals was more efficient on a mixed diet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".