Extensive tubular vacuole system in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, <i>Gigaspora margarita</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• A tubular vacuolar system is reported here for the first time in living hyphae of Gigaspora margarita, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, during various phases in the development of a symbiotic relationship with onion (Allium cepa) seedlings. • Germ tubes, extraradical hyphae and intercellular hyphae were labeled with Oregon Green 488 carboxylic acid diacetate and observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Emphasis was placed on the relationship between the shape of vacuoles and the presence of cytoplasmic streaming. • In germ tubes, labeled vacuoles showed a variety of profiles, including spherical and tubular (< 0.5 µm diameter), with various compositions of these shapes along the length of the germ tubes. The tubular vacuoles rarely interconnected with spherical vacuoles and often formed longitudinally oriented, elongated bundles. The tubular vacuolar system appeared to be associated with cytoplasmic streaming, whereas spherical vacuoles were not. Tubular vacuoles were observed in all regions of the germ tubes and were also observed in both extraradical and intercellular hyphae. • The results question the hypothesis that discrete vacuoles may be involved in the translocation of polyphosphate along hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".