Bibliographic record
Abstract
The year 2005 will mark sixty years since the end of the Second World War. During that time, social scientists have tried to conceptualize the world in terms of race and ethnic relations. Old imperial orders collapsed and a process of liberation from White domination in South Africa had already begun within the context of the Cold War. At the same time, a process of modernization began in the imperial metropolises, leading to the emergence of a kind of Welfare State designed to overcome class conflict, but having to cope with the integration of sub-national and migrant minorities. In 1989, the bipolar power situation, internationally, ended with the collapse of Communism. There occurred a new transfer of populations; refugees replaced economic migrants as the principle group that had either to be integrated or become the major focus of national conflicts. Internationally, American world hegemony came into being. America and its subordinate allies saw themselves as faced with a wide range of resistance taking the form of terrorism, but also with new rogue states as their enemies. This paper reviews the ways in which race and ethnic relations have been conceptualized at various stages in this process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".