Involvement of Transportin 2–mediated HuR Import in Muscle Cell Differentiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Muscle fiber formation requires the sequential expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) such as MyoD and myogenin. The messenger RNAs encoding these two proteins are regulated posttranscriptionally through their ability to associate with the RNA-binding protein HuR. HuR localizes first to the nucleus and then to the cytoplasm during muscle differentiation. Therefore, we examined the link between this localization and the promyogenic function of HuR. We show that early in muscle differentiation, HuR is localized to the nucleus of myoblasts by active Transportin 2 (TRN2)-mediated import. In differentiated muscle fibers, however, the TRN2-HuR complex is disrupted, leading to the cytoplasmic localization of HuR, as well as to the stabilization of MyoD and myogenin mRNAs. Interrupting the TRN2-HuR complex using RNA interference against TRN2, or the cell-permeable peptides (AP) fused to the HuR nucleocytoplasmic shuttling domain (HNS), enhanced the efficiency of myofiber formation. Together, our data suggest that HuR import is disrupted in differentiated muscle fibers and this event constitutes an important regulatory step during myogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".