Frequency measurement using a frequency locked loop
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A phase locked loop method is proposed for fast estimation of utility grid frequency, for control and protection purposes in grid-connected power converters. Using a second order generalized integrator (SOGI) and a `novel' frequency locked loop (nFLL), which makes the SOGI frequency adaptive, the proposed SOGI-nFLL detects small and large step changes in frequency with fast response and without large overshoot. In this paper, the SOGI-nFLL method is analyzed, simulated and implemented in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Its performance is compared with the original SOGI-FLL using simulations and experimental data. The experimental results verify that the proposed method results in smoother transients for frequency detection that may be used to reliably activate over-frequency protection within a half cycle.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it