Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cigarette dependence is recognised as a life-threatening disorder which can be treated by behavioural support and/or medication. Bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release (Zyban trade mark, GlaxoSmithKline) is licensed in many countries including the US, Canada, UK, Australia and continental Europe to aid smoking cessation. The usual recommended dose is 150 mg b.i.d. taken for 7 - 14 days prior to the quit date, and then 6 - 8 weeks afterwards (figures vary across countries). Evidence from seven double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trials shows that it improves success at staying off cigarettes for at least 12 months by 9 - 10 percentage points. Taking into account estimates of subsequent cessation and relapse patterns in treated and untreated smokers, and the improvement in life-expectancy of smokers who manage to stop, the estimated cost/life/year saved from an episode of use of the medication is approximately UK pound 1000 or US$1500. Bupropion has CNS stimulant properties; the common side effects are dry mouth and sleep disturbance. Rare but serious side effects are anaphylactic/hypersensitivity reaction and seizure (both estimated at 1 in a 1000). The drug is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug or its metabolites, any seizure disorder, eating disorder, severe hepatic cirrhosis, history of bipolar disorder or in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Extreme caution is advised where there are any predisposing factors that may reduce the seizure threshold. Bupropion sustained-release and nicotine replacement therapies are both considered as first-line treatments to aid smoking cessation. Ideally patients should also enrol in a structured behavioural support programme to boost their chances of success.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.052 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".