Preliminary characterization of Palaeogene European ambers using ToF‐SIMS
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amber comprises polymerized plant resins that have a remarkable capacity for survival in a range of geological environments. Most ambers can be traced to coniferous trees and typically combine a broad array of plant natural products including terpenoids, carboxylic acids, and associated alcohols. Because amber may entomb various organisms at the time of production and preserve them with unmatched fidelity, it has been studied for centuries. Despite extensive geochemical profiling of amber‐derived extracts using techniques such as gas‐chromatography mass spectrometry, to date amber compositional variability has not been investigated by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). We conducted a series of scans on microtomed surfaces of Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers, representing two of Europe's major deposits, both of Palaeogene age. We exploited authentic standards of mono‐methyl succinate and diterpene resin acids to guide interpretation of the results. The ToF‐SIMS spectra are highly reproducible for each amber type considered and highlight subtle differences that are likely underscored by differences in age, botanical provenance, and post‐depositional history. Importantly, the abundance of succinate is consistently higher in Baltic amber relative to Bitterfeld amber, suggesting they are distinct deposits and not regional variants of each other. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it