Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): a chemoattractive agent for murine leukocytes in vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
GM-CSF is well recognized as a proliferative agent for hematopoietic cells and exerts a priming function on neutrophils. The aim of this study was to determine if GM-CSF has a role as a neutrophil chemoattractant in vivo and if it can contribute to recruitment during intestinal inflammation. Initial studies in vitro, using the under-agarose gel assay, determined that GM-CSF can induce neutrophil migration at a much lower molar concentration than the fMLP-like peptide WKYMVm (33.5-134 nM vs. 1-10 μM). GM-CSF-induced neutrophil migration was ablated (<95%) using neutrophils derived from GMCSFRβ(-/-) mice and significantly attenuated by 42% in PI3Kγ(-/-)neutrophils. In vivo, a significant increase in leukocyte recruitment was observed using intravital microscopy 4 h post-GM-CSF (10 μg/kg) injection, which was comparable with leukocyte recruitment induced by KC (40 μg/kg). GM-CSF-induced recruitment was abolished, and KC-induced recruitment was maintained in GMCSFRβ(-/-) mice. Furthermore, in vivo migration of extravascular leukocytes was observed toward a gel containing GM-CSF in WT but not GMCSFRβ(-/-) mice. Finally, in a model of intestinal inflammation (TNBS-induced colitis), colonic neutrophil recruitment, assessed using the MPO assay, was attenuated significantly in anti-GM-CSF-treated mice or GMCSFRβ(-/-) mice. These data demonstrate that GM-CSF is a potent chemoattractant in vitro and can recruit neutrophils from the microvasculature and induce extravascular migration in vivo in a β subunit-dependent manner. This property of GM-CSF may contribute significantly to recruitment during intestinal inflammation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".