Chronic Palmitate But Not Oleate Exposure Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Which May Contribute to INS-1 Pancreatic β-Cell Apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic free fatty acid (FFA) exposure induces pancreatic beta-cell death, which may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms involved in FFA-induced cell death are not completely understood. Here we have investigated the effect of FFA on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways in INS-1 pancreatic beta-cells. INS-1 cells exposed to palmitate for 16-24 h under serum-free conditions showed marked apoptosis and increased protein levels of phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), X box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1), and C/EBP homologous transcription factor (CHOP) compared with control cells. The CHOP transcription factor has been implicated in mediating ER stress-induced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, the levels of the ER chaperone proteins Grp78/BiP and PDI were not affected by palmitate treatment, suggesting that the cell protective aspects of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are not up-regulated by palmitate. Palmitate-treated cells had markedly altered distribution of ER chaperones and altered ER morphology, suggesting that accumulation of misfolded proteins might trigger the ER stress response. In contrast, oleate treatment did not significantly induce the UPR pathways, nor was it as detrimental to INS-1 beta-cells. The results suggest that activation of the UPR may significantly contribute to palmitate- but not oleate-induced pancreatic beta-cell death.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".