Room-temperature ferromagnetism via unpaired dopant electrons and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>coupling in carbon-doped In<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>O<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>: Experiment and theory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Observations of magnetism in semiconductors doped with nonmagnetic atoms (C, N, etc.) show promise for spintronics applications, but pose an interesting challenge for conventional theories of magnetism. In this work, the magnetic semiconductor carbon-doped In${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$ is studied using theoretical and experimental techniques. Density-functional theory calculations predict that ferromagnetism can exist near room temperatures when substitutional carbon atoms have a formally unpaired $2p$ electron that does not participate in bonding. The unpaired $2p$ electrons lead to an impurity band near the Fermi level and consequent enhanced density of states which accommodates a strong $p\ensuremath{-}p$ coupling between local magnetic moments. The unpaired electrons and ferromagnetic coupling are found to arise from a combination of interstitial and substitutional carbon atoms in close proximity. Finally, experimental measurements on samples with varying magnetic properties verify the importance of both strong C $2p$ character at the Fermi level and strong C $2sp$-In $4d$ hybridization for yielding room-temperature ferromagnetism. These results shed light on the interesting field of nonmagnetic dopants inducing ferromagnetism in semiconductors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".