Seasonal effects in the thermal structure of Saturn's stratosphere from infrared imaging at 10 microns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present thermal infrared images of Saturn recorded with the Canada-France-Hawaii 3.6 meter Telescope (CFHT) in 1992, during Saturn's northern summer (145.5of solar longitude). These observations were made using C10 ,a 6464 pixel camera, at 6 different wavelengths (10.91, 11.69, 12.47, 13.09, 13.29 and 13.48 m), sensitive to phosphine (PH3), ethane (C2H6), and acetylene (C2H2). Many features are clearly visible, in particular (i) a bright north-equatorial belt (11.69, 12.47, 13.09, 13.29 and 13.48 m), (ii) a very bright north-polar emission (especially at 11.69 and 12.47 m), (iii) a darker zone corresponding to the ring occultation. We used an infrared radiative transfer code to model the emission of Saturn's atmosphere at the observed wavelengths. Three set of param- eters are of importance: (i) the cloud distribution and proper- ties, (ii) the thermal profile, and (iii) the compound abundances. From the present observations and from comparison with pre- vious ones obtained by other authors (Tokunaga et al. 1978), we can conclude that the observed structures likely originate in the seasonal cycle of Saturn. Its effect concentrates essentially at levels located above the 200-300 mbar level. We also retrieve the latitudinal evolution of the thermal profile: we show that the tropospheric temperature decreases towards the pole by about 3K, whereas the stratospheric temperature has the same behav- ior as the tropospheric temperature between 15N and 40N, and greatly increases (about +10K) beyond 60N. We also ex- plore the possibility of explaining these features with variable hydrocarbon abundances: an enhancement of a factor of 5.5 of the ethane mixing ratio and of a factor of 6 of the acetylene mix- ing ratio appears then necessary at high latitudes (60N). But, from comparison with previous works (Tokunaga et al. 1978), we consider that this latter explanation is not likely.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".