Bibliographic record
Abstract
The term androgen refers to any natural or synthetic compounds that stimulate or control development and maintenance of masculine characteristics. Most commonly, androgens refer to endogenous steroid sex hormones responsible for virilizing the accessory male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. Androgens are mainly synthesized by the testes, although females also produce small amounts, which are important for positive protein balance, maintaining strong muscles and bones, and contribute to libido. There are two major androgens secreted by the testes: testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α–DHT). Two weaker androgens primarily synthesized in the adrenal cortex and in smaller amounts by the testes and ovaries are dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, which are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens. There is one common androgen receptor (AR) that all androgens bind to, although their target genomic responses are distinctly different. Testosterone is the most abundant androgen with 4–10 mg secreted daily in adult men. 5α-DHT binds the AR with higher affinity than all other androgens, making 5α-DHT the most potent androgen. This chapter focuses on the fundamental molecular mechanisms of the effects of androgens, androgen metabolism in males and defects in the AR that is meant to communicate the complexity of intersex disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".