Fragment Velocities from Thermobaric Explosives in Metal Cylinders
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Thermobaric explosives (TBXs) have been primarily used for their blast, rather than for their fragmentation, characteristics. This work reports on an investigation, using a flash X‐ray imaging technique, of the ability of TBXs to shatter metal casings and to propel the resulting fragments. Three casing materials were used, AISI 1026 steel, ductile iron, and grey cast iron, while two different TBX compositions were used, with C4 serving as a benchmark. The fracture behavior of the casings, as a function of explosive fill and material characteristics, was as expected. One TBX formulation exhibited a run distance to detonation. The Gurney equation was used to correlate and compare the final fragment velocities. It was found that a larger fraction of the explosive energy was available to propel fragments in these two TBX compositions than a comparable amount of C4. This fraction of energy was influenced by the confinement of the detonation products and the ignition delay of the metal powders. These two factors had a greater influence on the fragment velocities than did material characteristics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it