Toxicity of glyphosate and triclopyr using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay—<i>Xenopus</i>
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The effects of glyphosate ([N-phosphonomethyl]glycine) and triclopyr ([[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl]oxy]acetic acid) on the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis were evaluated using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay—Xenopus (FETAX). Rodeo®, the isopropylamine (ipa) salt of glyphosate formulated without a surfactant was found to be the least toxic, with a LC5 and LC50 of 3,779 and 5,407 mg acid equivalent (AE)/L, respectively. The LC5 and LC50 of Roundup®, the ipa salt of glyphosate formulated with a surfactant, was 6.4 and 9.4 mg AE/L, respectively. The surfactant component of Roundup, polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), had a LC5 and LC50 of 2.2 and 2.7 mg/L, respectively. Garlon® 3A, the triethylamine salt of triclopyr, had a LC5 and LC50 of 119 and 162.5 mg AE/L, respectively. The LC5 and LC50 of Garlon 4®, the butoxyethyl ester of triclopyr, was 6.7 and 9.3 mg AE/L, respectively. Considering a theoretical worst case scenario when the highest rates recommended for glyphosate (12 L of Roundup/ha) or triclopyr (8 L of Garlon/ha) are applied to water 15 cm in depth, the expected environmental concentrations calculated on the basis of AE would be 2.8 and 2.6 mg AE/L, respectively. The margins of safety (LC5/expected environmental concentrations) for frog embryos exposed to these concentrations would be approximately 2, 2, 47, and 1,312 for Roundup, Garlon 4, Garlon 3A, and Rodeo, respectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it