<i>Anatoecus</i>species (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Anseriformes in North America and taxonomic status of<i>Anatoecus dentatus and Anatoecus icterodes</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract AnatoecusCummings (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) is a genus of chewing lice with four species infesting Anseriformes in North America:Anatoecus cygni(Denny),Anatoecus dentatus(Scopoli),Anatoecus icterodes(Nitzsch), andAnatoecus penicillatusKéler. Males ofA. dentatusandA. icterodesare distinguishable by their genitalia; however, there are no known anatomical characteristics to distinguish females.Anatoecus dentatusandA. icterodesare recorded from at least 55 of the same host species worldwide. The mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I was examined from the fourAnatoecusspecies, specifically to examine the taxonomic status ofA. dentatusandA. icterodes. When sequences from these species were analysed using neighbour joining analysis,A. dentatusandA. icterodeswere recovered in a well-supported cluster. However,A. dentatusandA. icterodeswere mixed within the same cluster. The average interspecific genetic distance ofA. dentatusandA. icterodes(0.04%) was almost the same as the average intraspecific genetic distances ofA. dentatusandA. icterodes0.02% and 0.05%, respectively. Therefore, we formally synonymiseA. dentatusandA. icterodesasAnatoecus dentatus(new synonymy). In addition two new hosts forA. penicillatuswere recorded:Branta canadensis(Linnaeus) (Anseriformes: Anatidae) andChen caerulescens(Linnaeus) (Anseriformes: Anatidae).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".